三江源区不同建植年限人工草地根系动态特征

根系动态特征能够反映人工草地植物利用土壤资源的效率和群落恢复演替的程度。本研究以三江源区不同建植年限（5、6、9和13年）人工草地植物根系为研究对象，利用“微根管”技术，连续两个生长季（2015年5-9月和2016年5-9月）探究了4个建植年限人工草地根系动态特征。结果表明：地上生物量和丰富度在建植5~9年呈下降趋势，建植9~13年显著上升；土壤理化性质呈“N”字型变化，不同建植年限间差异显著；随建植年限增加，根系寿命、累积生产量和累积死亡量均波动上升，根系的生长和死亡主要发生在0~10 cm土层；根系平均现存量随建植年限增加持续增加，建植6~9年趋于深层化；根系生产量、死亡量和现存量具有明显季节变化，6月为生长高峰期，7月为现存量高峰期，8月为死亡高峰期，建植9年人工草地根系正生长高峰期迟于其他建植年限；建植年限和土层深度直接影响根系寿命，其余环境因子通过影响土壤速效养分或地上生物量间接影响根系现存量。综上所述，建植人工草地能够增加地上生物量和丰富度，改善土壤质量，促进根系现存量的增加，建植6~9年人工草地的二次退化现象只是暂时性过渡阶段，可在此阶段制定合理的人工管理措施来保证土壤养分的稳定输入，加快群落正向演替的进程，从而提高人工草地的群落稳定性和恢复力。     

苏姜猪A-FABP基因遗传多态性及其与肉质性状的关联分析

研究采用PCR-RFLP技术分析苏姜猪、姜曲海猪、长白猪群体A-FABP基因遗传多态性,并用统计学方法分析基因座多态与肉质性状的相关性。结果表明:3个猪种A-FABP基因内含子1均具有Bsm I酶切多态性,分别检测到3种基因型(AA、AB和BB),χ~2适合性检验显示,3个猪种A-FABP基因型分布处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P0.05)。多态信息含量(PIC)分析显示,3个品种猪均为中度多态;基因型与肉质性状关联分析显示,不同基因型肌内脂肪含量、大理石纹差异显著,大理石纹AA、AB型显著高于BB型(P0.05),肌内脂肪含量AA显著高于AB、BB型(P0.05)。结论显示,苏姜猪、姜曲海猪、长白猪A-FABP基因intron 1多态性对肉质性状影响显著。     

Collembola in ecotoxicology—Any news or just boring routine?

Despite the uncontested significance of soils for human nutrition and drinking water quality, the majority of ecotoxicological testing is confined to aquatic test systems. Among the standardised tests for soils, the reproduction test with the springtail Folsomia candida is among the most widely used ones. First steps towards its standardisation were undertaken in the late 1980s. Here we review major advances that have been made since then, with respect to mechanistic, pragmatic and ecological aspects. Specifically we address the ecological relevance of any modifications of the standardised tests. We introduce a miniaturised version of the reproduction test which allows reducing the amount of soil per test unit to one third and the number of synchronised individuals to 40% as compared to the standard test. In addition, we developed an assay using Collembola eggs instead of synchronised adults. First results of a three-species test indicate that the presence of other species may affect choice behaviour. We point out a potential biased view of existing ecotoxicological data with Collembola due to the fact that most results refer to metal contamination. Finally, recommendations for future research are given, with special reference to avoidance and microcosm tests involving Collembola.     

闽北地区枫香优树子代生长性状变异分析及选择

在福建省三明市郊国有林场对来自安徽省南部黄山地区的53个枫香家系进行子代测定试验,开展优良家系选择。结果表明,14年生时,试验林树高、胸径、地径、材积、圆满度的平均值分别为9.87 m、7.87 cm、11.18 cm、0.0267 m3、0.72,变幅分别为0.90~16.7 m、2.30~15.60 cm、3.20~22.50 cm、0.00072~0.15060 m3、0.21~0.97,树高、胸径、地径、材积、圆满度的家系遗传力分别为0.476、0.550、0.531、0.520和0.414,单株遗传力分别为0.188、0.211、0.207、0.221和0.107。通过综合比较,从参试的53个家系中选择出9个速生优良家系,树高、胸径和材积的平均值分别为10.70 m、8.98 cm和0.0415m3,平均遗传增益分别为2.50%、5.00%和19.37%,这些优良家系适宜福建省三明地区推广应用。     

5个冬麦品种产量性状和叶片特征多样性分析

采用单因素完全随机设计,调查5个冬麦品种产量性状和叶片特征多样性。结果表明,5项产量相关性状指标(株高、穗长、主穗粒数、有效分蘖数、有效小穗数)在不同冬麦品种间差异均达显著水平;5个品种的上表皮气孔密度均多于下表皮,其中,上表皮气孔密度为62.67~71.11个/mm2,下表皮气孔密度为30.00~46.25个/mm2;叶脉总数为57.00~65.67条;叶脉密度为36.89~43.00条/mm。     

播期和播量对橘园间作下山黧豆产量及农艺性状的影响

在橘园间作条件下,采用裂区试验设计,经连续两年试验,研究了不同播种期、播种量对豆科绿肥山黧豆(Lath yrus sativus)鲜草产量、种子产量及农艺性状的影响.结果表明,1)播期、播量对山黧豆鲜草和种子产量均有显著影响(P＜0.05),播量影响大于播期;2)山黧豆的鲜草和种子产量随播期推迟显著降低(P＜0.05),9月20日播种的鲜草产量最高,达29 406.0 kg·hm-2,种子产量则以9月30日播种的最高,为1 616.1 kg·hm-2.早播(9月播种)时,株高、单株分枝数、单株根瘤数、结实率和千粒重等农艺性状均优于晚播(10月播种);3)播量为45.0 kg·hm-2时,其鲜草和种子产量均最高,拯种量过大对产量和农艺性状均有负向作用.综上,山黧豆在四川西充与橘园间作下的适宜播种期在9月,最佳播种量为45.0 kg·hm-2.     

不同蛋白质水平饲粮对大巴沙三元杂种猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响

为研究不同蛋白质水平饲粮对大巴沙猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响,选择体重25 kg左右的大巴沙三元杂种猪36头,随机分成3组,每组2个重复,每个重复6头,公母比例一致。试验分前期(25~60 kg)和后期(60~100 kg)2个阶段。高蛋白质组前期和后期蛋白质水平分别为16.00%和14.02%,中蛋白质组分别为15.00%和13.02%,低蛋白质组为14.00%和12.02%。结果表明,与中蛋白质组、低蛋白质组相比,高蛋白质组全期日增重分别提高5.47%(P0.05)和10.31%(P0.05),全期料重比分别降低3.28%(P0.05)和11.72%(P0.05);3点平均背膘厚分别提高0.56cm(P0.01)和0.29 cm(P0.05);眼肌面积分别提高7.85%和降低3.45%;整个试验期每千克增重成本分别降低0.23元和1.05元。综合考虑,大巴沙三元杂种猪饲粮适宜的粗蛋白质水平为前期15.00%~16.00%、后期13.02%~14.02%。     

Genetic parameters for litter size,piglet growth and sow's early growth and body composition in the Chinese–European line Tai Zumu

Genetics of piglet growth in association with sow's early growth and body composition were estimated in the Tai Zumu line. Piglet and sow's litter growth traits were calculated from individual weights collected at birth and at 3 weeks of age. Sow's litter traits included the number of piglets born alive (NBA), the mean piglet weight (MW) and the standard deviation of weights within the litter (SDW). Sow's early growth was measured by the age at 100 kg (A₁₀₀), and body composition included backfat thickness (BF₁₀₀). A main objective of this study was to estimate separately the direct genetic effect (d) and the maternal genetic effect (m) on piglet weight and daily weight gain during lactation. Variance components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood methodology based on animal models. The heritability estimates were 0.19 for NBA, 0.15 and 0.26 for SDW and MW at 3 weeks and 0.42 and 0.70 for A₁₀₀ and BF₁₀₀. The NBA was almost independent from SDW. Conversely, the A₁₀₀ and BF₁₀₀ were correlated unfavourably with SDW (r_g<−0.24, SE<0.12). A stronger selection for litter size should have little effect on litter homogeneity in weights. Selection for lean growth rate tends to favour heterogeneity in weights. The direct effect on piglet weight at birth and daily weight gain accounted for 12% (h² (d) = 0.02) and 50% (h² (d) = 0.11) of the genetic variance, respectively. The association between d and m for piglet weight was not different from zero at birth (r_g = 0.19, SE = 0.27), but a strong antagonism between d and m for daily weight gain from birth to 3 weeks was found (r_g = −0.41, SE = 0.17). Substantial direct and maternal genetic effects influenced piglet growth until weaning in opposite way.     

盐胁迫下外源Ca~(2+)对红豆草幼苗抗性生理的影响

以蒙农红豆草为材料,研究了100mmol/L NaCl胁迫下不同浓度外源Ca2+对红豆草幼苗的生长、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和叶绿素含量及根系活力的影响;探讨了Ca2+对盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用。结果表明:随着Ca2+浓度的增加,与CK相比,红豆草脯氨酸、可溶性糖、叶绿素含量及根系活力呈先升高后降低的明显变化趋势,在T3(100mmol/L NaCl+30mmol/L CaCl2)处理下,红豆草脯氨酸、可溶性糖及叶绿素含量与对照相比提高了32.3%,60.0%和9.7%,差异显著(P0.05);T3、T4处理的根系活力显著高于CK(P0.05),其他处理与CK无明显差异;T3处理的株高显著高于对照CK(P0.05),其他处理与CK间无显著差异,达到最佳的效果。